Basic Informations

C.V

Name: Dina Abdulla Mohamed Tawfik

Phone No: 01228562904

Birth Date: 28/4/1993

E-mail: dina.abdalaa@vet.bsu.edu.eg

Address: Beni-suef

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Master Title

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and New Disinfectants for Water Treatment in a Small Commercial Poultry Farm

Master Abstract

Many researchers have pointed out that the most important problems related to water quality in poultry farms include deterioration of physico-chemical properties and/or microbial contamination moreover, the high levels of water turbidity and hardness which subsequently affect poultry health and productivity , therefore this study was done to monitor the hygienic status of drinking water in poultry farms and to determine risk factors affecting water quality , to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite as a natural adsorbent to reduce both water hardness and turbidity and finely to assess the bactericidal efficiency of new types of disinfectants to overcome the chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water besides improving the quality of water in poultry farms . This study was conducted in three poultry farms (two broiler and one layer farm) with different production systems (deep litter and battery systems) during the period from February 2018 to March 2020. All data about managemental practices and biosecurity program being followed in the farms under the study, besides problems related to the water used in these farms and applied water treatments were collected through personal interviews and structured questionnaire, then obtained data was analyzed. A total of 285 water samples were collected from the water being used in the farms under the study during three visits throughout the study period, that included samples from main water sources (n= 60) ( well and tab water) besides watering systems "water tanks the (n=45) and drinkers or nipples" (n= 180). Physicochemical and microbial quality of the collected water samples was determined in addition to the isolation and identification of some pathogens that indicates fecal contamination of drinking water at three levels (source, tanks and drinkers) and identifying the risk factors influencing water quality and availability in each examined farm individually (Part I), estimating the activity of commercial zeolite compound as adsorbent in reducing water hardness and turbidity (Part II) ,evaluation the efficiency of some new disinfectants against water borne pathogens resistant to chlorine such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (Part III). Analysis of physicochemical quality of drinking water samples obtained from different water sources in the investigated farms indicated that underground water showed elevated values in most parameters where the mean values of total hardness in underground water was significantly high (283.17?±?8.53 mg/l) compared to its value in tap water supply in both farm (I and II) (64.6±3.8mg/l and 70.3±3.8 mg/l, respectively). Moreover ammonia and phosphate values in underground water in farm (III) were (0.52 ±0.28 and 0.76 ± 0.8mg/l, respectively) and higher than tap water in the other two farms (I and II) where ammonia level in farm I and II was (0.13±0.08 and 0.09 ±0.06 mg/l, respectively), meanwhile phosphate level was (0.04±1.1 and 0.27 ± 0.6 mg/l, respectively). Additionally the mean values of total alkalinity and chloride were high in underground water (90.36±3.9 and 101.5±4.2mg/l, respectively). Sulfate and turbidity were detected normally within the permissible limit indicated by WHO. Regarding, heavy metals estimation including arsenic, copper, iron, and zinc values were estimated at higher values in underground water than tap water. Concerning bacteriological quality of drinking water, the percentage and distribution of bacterial isolates from water sources showed that the bacterial isolation was higher in farm (III) than farms (I and II) (30.0, 20.0 and 5.0%, respectively). Meanwhile, bacterial isolation from the watering system was high in drinkers followed by water tanks in the three farms under investigation. Moreover, Salmonella spp. was the most predominant bacterial isolate from nipples in farm (II) at 11.6%. On the other hand, E. coli was the main isolated bacterial pathogen (28.3%) from drinkers in farm (III) (Tables 1- 10). The obtained results showed that water used in poultry farms in Beni-suef district has varied physicochemical properties and could also be a potential source of waterborne pathogenic organisms as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and pseudomonas besides highlighting issues related to high levels of hardness and turbidity in drinking water. A positive correlation between some physicochemical parameters such as (pH, ammonia, sulfate, and phosphate) and bacterial load in drinking water samples was found, where it was significantly high in farm (III) (78.9%). Several risk factors affecting water quality primarily, improper watering system (design and treatments) and low biosecurity measures adopted in poultry farms. Water drinkers followed by water tanks are considered potential sources for waterborne pathogens thus routine cleaning and disinfection is extremely necessary. Moreover, it was found that disinfection programs , biosecurity measures and hygienic disposal (dead birds and wastes) were among the most essential risk factors that influence drinking water quality in the farms investigated farms (Tables 12&13). The efficiency of commercial zeolite as adsorbent for removal of water turbidity and hardness in vitro using batch adsorption experiments using 12 g/L of commercial zeolite with different contact time for treated water (1, 2, 3and 6 hours) revealed that the activity of zeolite compound at concentration of 12 g/L increased with the increase of exposure times (1, 2, 3, and 6 hrs) as the percentage of reduction in water turbidity were (30.40, 41.85, 53.30 and 82.02 % respectively) , and water hardness were (28.64 , 39.09 , 50.45 and 75.44 % respectively) (Table 14). The obtained results proved the efficiency of zeolite as natural and inexpensive solution for the problems of hardness and turbidity besides its safety and eco-friendly properties. The antimicrobial efficiency of five different types of disinfectant (Klorsept 25 (4.3gm/L), bleaching powder (0.5mg/L),Terminator (0.33ml/L), Virco-santy (0.5 g/L), and hydrogen peroxide (3.0 and 5.0%) in-vitro against some waterborne pathogens isolated from drinking water in the examined farms( S. Garoli, S. Kentucky, E. coli O114, O157, Shigella spp. and K. pneumonia ) at different exposure times (1, 2, and 3hrs., respectively) using broth macro-dilution method. The efficacy of Klorsept 25 (4.3g/l), calcium hypochlorite (0.5 mg/l), terminator (0.33 ml/l), and hydrogen peroxide disinfectant (3 and 5%) against all pathogenic bacterial isolates from different water sources (tap and ground water) was 100% after 3hrs. of exposure. Meanwhile, Virco-santy (0.5g/l) showed no bactericidal efficiency against all tested bacterial isolates (Table 15). The obtained result revealed that Hydrogen peroxide (3 %) followed by Klorsept 25 (4.3 gm/l) showed high efficacy against pathogenic serotypes of E.coli and Salmonella isolated from watering system. So they highly recommended for prophylactic treatment of water source and watering system in poultry farms.

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